Sunday, March 10, 2013

The Absence of the Real in the Ruins of Representation: Napoleon Chagon and the Yanomamo


Once again, while perusing through face book posts, I stumbled across another story that was shared by the “Aboriginal and Tribal Nation News” face book page, and once again it was a blog post from the “White Wolf Pack blog.” As I read through the post, it reminded me of Vizenor’s theory of the ruins of representation in the absence of the tribal real. The article recounts the work of an anthropologist, Napoleon Chagon, who published a book in 1968 entitled Yanomamo: The Firece People. The blog posts reports that the book was controversial in that it depicted the Yanomamo, an ancient Amazonian tribe of Venezuela and Brazil, as a war-like people who were prone to violence and constantly at war amongst themselves. The blog reveals that his analysis of the people was criticized by other scholars “as a reductive presentation of human behavior.” The author of the blog then reveals that Chagon has a new book out, and get this, it’s called Noble Savages! How perfect…

In it he not only defends his earlier work and his thesis that the Yanomamo are essentially a people prone to violence and war, he also attacks his critics and criticizes them for abandoning the scientific aspect of pure research in favor of civil rights activism on behalf of their subjects. However, those who criticize him are not simply civil rights activists, as the blog reveals: “a group of prominent anthropologists who have worked with the Yanomamo issued a joint statement,” against Chagon and his work. The statement reads as follows: “We absolutely disagree with Napoleon Chagnon’s pulic characterization of the Yanomamo as fierce, violent and archaic people. We also deplore how Chagnon’s work has been used throughout the years—and  could still be used—by governments to deny the Yanomamo their land and cultural rights.”

Another critic, a professor from Rhode Island College who spent decades studying the Yanomamo, replied that she was not only dismayed by the news that Chagnon had written another book, but that she “lived in Yanomamo villages and had never needed a weapon.” The blog post also displays the words of Survival International, a human rights organization that campaigns on behalf of indigenous peoples: Chagnon’s work is frequently used by writers… who want to portray tribal peoples as ‘brutal savages.’” The group even published a written testimonial from a spokesperson of the tribe: “For us, we Yanomamo who live in the forest, the anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon is not our friend. He does not say good things, he doesn’t transmit good words. He talks about the Yanomamo but his words are only hostile.”

Chagnon, though declining to be interviewed directly responded: “Thos departments of anthropology whose members adhere to the scientific method will endure and again come to be the ‘standard approach’ to the study of Homo Sapiens, while those that are non-scientific will become less and less numerous or eventually be absorbed into disciplines that are non-anthropoloical, like comparative literature, gender studies, philosophy and others.”

To be honest, at first I was shocked that such blatant misrepresentations are still published today, but then on second thought, I realized that of course that kind of false representation still exists. But what makes this story and the absence of the tribal real in Chagnon’s books so controversial and troubling to me is that he is not just some guy who published some controversial book, he is a professor of anthropology at the University of Missouri and he retired professor emeritus from the University of California, Santa Barbara. The ruins of his representation hold wait. 

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